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Add English DGB 2 translation

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:DGB 2: Programs and Data}}
← [[DGB 2. Klasse/en|Digital Literacy – Year 2]]

Programs can only process text, numbers, images and sounds when these are represented as data in an agreed form. This chapter connects familiar media with the computing idea of encoding: characters, numbers, pixels and measurements are stored so that programs can read, change and output them.

== Curriculum reference ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Area !! Classification
|-
| '''Competence area''' || Production
|-
| '''Perspectives''' || Technical perspective (T)
|-
| '''Focus''' || How programs store and process data
|-
| '''Competence''' || Investigate simple data representations and explain how programs store inputs as data, process them according to rules and produce outputs.
|}

== Learning objectives ==

Students can:

* distinguish information from data;
* explain that programs store data using defined representations;
* describe text as a sequence of encoded characters;
* distinguish numerical values from digits stored as text;
* model pixel images as grids of colour values;
* understand sound in simplified terms as a sequence of digital measurements;
* explain variables as named storage locations or assignments in programs;
* distinguish simple data types such as number, text and Boolean value;
* connect input, processing, storage and output;
* apply simple rules to stored values;
* create small coding systems and test whether they are unambiguous;
* recognise errors caused by unsuitable data types or ambiguous encoding.

== Learning content ==

=== Information becomes data ===

People interpret meaning; computers initially process structured data. The word ‘Hello’, the number 25, a photo and a sound each need a technical representation. Agreed formats and coding rules allow programs to interpret the same data consistently.

=== Text as a sequence of characters ===

For a program, text can be represented as a sequence of characters. Character encodings such as Unicode assign identifiers to letters, digits and many other symbols. The important idea is that visible characters have an internal representation.

=== Number or text? ===

The value 25 used in a calculation is different from the characters ‘2’ and ‘5’ stored as text. A program can add numbers, while text may be joined or searched. Choosing the correct data type affects which operations make sense.

=== Pixel images as data ===

A raster image can be modelled as a grid. Each pixel stores a colour value. More pixels can provide more detail but also increase the amount of data. Editing an image changes pixel values or the way they are interpreted.

=== Sound as digital measurements ===

Digital audio can be understood as a sequence of measured values taken over time. More detailed representation can require more data. This simplified model explains why sound can be stored, copied and processed by software.

=== Variables and data types ===

A variable gives a name to a value that a program needs. Values can change while a program runs. Simple data types include numbers, text and Boolean values such as true/false. The data type helps determine which operations are possible.

=== Processing according to rules ===

Programs transform data according to instructions: they can calculate, compare, join, sort, count or choose between alternatives. Input provides data, processing applies rules, storage keeps values, and output presents or sends results.

== Classroom activities ==

=== Translate information into symbols ===

Invent a small code for a set of classroom messages and test whether everyone can decode it.

'''Expected outcome:''' An unambiguous coding system.

=== Investigate text as characters ===

Split words and short sentences into individual characters and compare letters, spaces, punctuation and symbols.

'''Expected outcome:''' Understanding of character sequences.

=== Distinguish numbers and text ===

Classify values such as age, postcode, phone number and score as number or text depending on their use.

'''Expected outcome:''' Reasoned data-type choices.

=== Create a pixel image model ===

Design a small grid image using numbered or named colour values and exchange it with another group for reconstruction.

'''Expected outcome:''' A working pixel-data model.

=== Think of sound as data ===

Represent a simple sequence of changing sound levels as values over time and discuss what the numbers describe.

'''Expected outcome:''' A basic measurement model.

=== Apply simple program rules ===

Start with stored values and apply rules such as add 2, compare with 10 or join text.

'''Expected outcome:''' Correct step-by-step processing.

=== Find representation errors ===

Identify examples where data is ambiguous or the wrong type is used and suggest corrections.

'''Expected outcome:''' Improved data representation.

=== Connect input, processing and output ===

Trace how a small program receives input, stores it, changes it and displays a result.

'''Expected outcome:''' A complete process model.

=== Develop and test your own code system ===

Create symbols for at least ten items and let another group use the code without extra explanation.

'''Expected outcome:''' A tested, documented code.

=== Create a concept map ===

Connect information, data, encoding, variable, data type, input, processing and output.

'''Expected outcome:''' A coherent summary.

== Self-check ==

* I can distinguish information from data.
* I can explain why data needs an agreed representation.
* I understand text, pixels and sound as forms of digital data.
* I can distinguish a number from text that looks like a number.
* I can explain variables and simple data types.
* I can connect input, storage, processing and output.

== See also ==

* [[DGB 2: Programmieren Testen Debuggen/en|Programming, Testing and Debugging]]
* [[DGB 2: Daten erfassen filtern sortieren/en|Working with Data]]
* [[DGB 2: Internet und Datenuebertragung/en|Data Transmission]]

[[Kategorie:Digitale Grundbildung]]
[[Kategorie:DGB 2]]

DGB 2: Programme und Daten/en - Versionsgeschichte

Administrator: Add English DGB 2 translation